Implementing Groupware Systems

A groupware is computer software that is devised to help people who engage in doing the same task to reach their goals. Individuals may not be in the same locality, but they are connected by the Internet.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Implementing Groupware Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Data is accessed remotely, which is retrieved and modified by distributed workgroups, and this creates collaborative workgroups. This paper focuses on the most important things to do in the implementation of a groupware in an organization: these include collaboration through communication, process analysis and justification, and training and people involvement. Hills (2008) argues that groupware balances communication and conversation. Communication between the group members is essential because it allows transfer of ideas from one person in a different locality to another; information can be exchanged in a well organ ized manner. When devising a groupware, it is important to build both formal and informal communication channels. Groupware helps to make communication easy, clearer, and faster. This technology makes communication possible even to the places that it would not be possible. It enables telecommuting where people are able to save travel costs and consolidate different ideas in discussions and expertise because it enables the formation of groups with the same interest, and with different outlooks on problem solving rather than meeting face to face (Bruce, 2008). Additionally, groupware supports the people that make a team, especially in decision making process. Teams are composed of members from different countries and continents and some even use different languages. Brainstorming is important because it facilitates exchange of ideas. Groupware also supports multi user editing of documents with white boards and chats, and collaborative media software also allows simultaneous users to m ake and build information in a website. Similarly, Strom (n.d) affirms that process analysis and justification of change is also important when designing a groupware. This is because these processes should be designed with the goal of supporting system usage and improving the processes, the costs involved and plans are laid down to meet the goals and objectives of an organization (Miller, n.d). All the group members should be able to understand that the new system is meant to improve their work. In designing of the system, users evaluate the system model in real work practice so that further developments can be made according to users experience or further needs. Cooperation of the group members is essential because they are the end users.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Groupware will be successful only when employees agree to use it. This may sometimes fail because employe rs may use them to downsize or to replace employees, and those who remain may fear job loss and become insecure. The organization should make the employee to understand that the implementation of the groupware is meant to help them. The concept of sharing is important and it is essential to train people because some may resist. This resistance may come from some individuals in departments that store information, and they think that it gives them power because they fear to lose their status. However, people are comfortable doing things as they have been doing and it takes time for the system designers to make them accept because they see it as disruption from the normal to the worse. Before the implementation of the system, the concerns of those who will take part should be considered. People should be involved from the beginning to the end. This can only be achieved by building teams and collaborative cultures. This helps people to get to know one another even before they start work ing as a group. It involves change from the old culture to a new one, which supports collaboration; the organization should make sure that employees feel secure working as a group. Furthermore, good communication is essential in the process of groupware implementation. When people are helped throughout the change process they see the need to have a new system. This is achieved by training the employees and also having specialized training programs to cater for each users needs, thus making them understand how groupware improves their work (Hills, 2005). After the implementation, the groupware system is tested and pilot runs are done to determine whether it is working properly. Users use it to identify any challenges or difficulties for further improvements. If the system is approved, the group members immediately start using it. Training continues until the users get contented with the new system. In conclusion, organizations should consider how groupware adds value to business proc esses, and think about implementing it. This can be successful when the organization is aware of the existing system, cultures, norms and what people think about sharing. By understanding all these, conflicts are avoided. Organization performance gets better with less time in marketing because one advantage of groupware is the ability to cut down on time for meetings and decision making to allow more time on satisfying customer needs and hence, increasing customer satisfaction and putting the organization into a competitive edge.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Implementing Groupware Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Bruce, H. (2008). Groupware Collaboration. New York: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. Hills, H. (2005). What’s so hard about Groupware? Networking Computers is easy Compared to Networking People.  Ã‚  Intranet Journal.  Ã‚  Web. Miller, J. (2005). Groupware: What Works the Way Businesses Do?  Ã‚  Buzzle.com. Web. Strom, D. (n.d). Groupware: Ready or Not. Retrieved from http://www.strom.com/pubwork/jf95.html This essay on Implementing Groupware Systems was written and submitted by user Nia Murray to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Kertha Gosa Ceiling vs. Dreaming paintings by Aborigines of Australia

Kertha Gosa Ceiling vs. Dreaming paintings by Aborigines of Australia Introduction Kertha Gosa Ceiling and Dreaming paintings by Aborigines of Australia are both spiritual world artworks. Both have come a long way and have advanced with the advancing technology. Many countries of world have embraced such artworks with some neglecting the importance of such artworks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kertha Gosa Ceiling vs. Dreaming paintings by Aborigines of Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though many see art as an economic activity to make money, both artworks tend to focus much on passing important information to a target group. Many religious artworks have taken the form of sculpture and not paintings. Many may ask why the dreaming and the Kertha ceiling have used painting and not sculpturing. This paper will discuss the artworks, their contexts and their similarities giving insight also to their differences, as well as their significance. Dreaming paintings by Aborigi nes of Australia Over a long period, Aborigine’s paintings have advanced to the point of intertwining with the public dissertation, with a great recognition in Australia and the rest of the world. The Aboriginal people use this art represent them and their culture. The aspect and the concept of dreaming come from the aborigine’s ancestors and the rainbow serpent that went through the land leaving marks and topographical features (Mayer 145). They set the moral and social laws to guide the people into a significant order of being. To the aborigines dreaming goes beyond the literal meaning and describes a balance between the elements of nature, spirit and morals. They believe that a person’s dreaming depends on the point of his/her birth labor pains reception, for that is the place where one receives the ancestral spirits. Stylistic characteristics of the Dreaming paintings The aborigine’s paintings have evolved greatly with its history changing from time t o time. All over visual and oral expressions have always advanced among the aboriginal societies. Before invasion, the people possessed over two hundred divergent languages. Today an approximate of fifty languages exists with each possessing a range of 1-2000 speakers. This is because of the great emphasis on multilingualism and use of visual and oral values. The paintings are traditionally symbolic. They include conventional designs as well as symbols which when painted on a person or an object brings a religious importance to them.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some symbols combine to give a more complex story. Other painting put emphasis to the connection of the aboriginal people to their land to demonstrate their obligation to the land (Mayer 165). They used stone to paint on their artworks, which show durability, and a long living artwork. The methods of painting range from etching, screen-printing, relief printing, calligraphy, to lithography. The artwork utilizes other different materials and techniques of painting such as ochre with a compacted end of a stick to produce high quality dots. Ochres produce a thick and a warm color for use in modern artwork. Most of the paints used are result from pounding the ochres and mixing with a fluid, which can be blood, to make it thick. Kertha Gosa Ceiling Kertha Gosa pavilion, a place of justice discussions with the king, existed from the 18th century. The pavilion is a Balinese work located within the Klungkung Palace. The pavilion utilized a special architecture with several divisions. Specifically, the pavilion possessed both ritual and functional purpose. Dewa Agung, depicting the story of Bhima Swarga, later repainted the pavilion, to show how Bhima went to hell, seeing how people suffered their inequities, to rescue his father’s soul for heavens. In his mission, Bhima was in the compan y of two of his reliable servants. This represents the theme of justice in the pavilion. Stylistic characteristics of Kertha Gosa Ceiling The technique used to smear the pavilion’s ceiling portrays iconography. Many artists in their works have adopted this style today. The characters used in the Bhima Swarga painting are majorly symbolic, and each carries a different message. These characters are either Kasar or Halus (Pucci 212). Both are different. Halus characters on one-side posses the aspects of softness and fine quality. On the other hand, Kasar involves those that are makeshift and bumpy. The artwork contains demons and devils, which are rough and coarse textured. This then portrays the kasar characteristic of the artwork. Bhima and his brother paintings bring out the Halus characteristics since their hand are smooth and refined as well as their fragile fingers. It is also important to note that their eyes and the heads have a Kasar effect since they are at an angle. T he thumb of Bhima Swarga has a long nail representing his armaments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kertha Gosa Ceiling vs. Dreaming paintings by Aborigines of Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social hierarchy is another aspect that the painting artwork portrays. The ways Bhima and his bother stand, their position, as well as their body sizes are very symbolic. In his story, Bhima Swarga is the â€Å"god† or the top one. In the painting, Bhima placed above his brothers showing his supremacy (Pucci 205). His servants stand next to him and the sons slightly below their father. It painted in way that depicts the separation of hell and the heavens. This is by use of rows separating each other. At central position of the artwork there is a lotus bordered by doves, which in turn represent a future fate. Similarities of the two Artworks Both artworks utilize the painting style, which is a creative way to express an idea or feeling. It represents the aesthetic effect, which make the artwork more influential. Over many years, painted artworks have received great recognition and thus have grown greatly over the world. Both artworks portray a complex message by combining ideas. They both have an outside and an inward meaning, which are outright and hidden respectively. Difference between the two Artworks The Dreaming paintings by Aborigines artwork has advanced to include plays and movies, which the Kertha Gosa Ceiling remains as a painted artwork. Dreaming has advanced greatly since it provides for innovations and due to the advance in technology. The dreaming painting does not contain the society hierarchy aspect unlike the Kertha Gosa ceiling. Conclusion Artwork has gained recognition over the whole in the past three centuries. Painting has gained a major recognition as method of coming up with a piece of artwork. Religious settings have also advanced with the increase in use of pain ted works to pass or portray a religious message. However, some people over the world have not yet embraced such artworks. Kertha Gosa Ceiling and. Dreaming paintings by Aborigines artwork are part of these religious artworks, which have challenged the art sector greatly. Both artworks are religious and focus a particular people. The use of painting allows use of aesthetic aspects, which tends to communicate on its own. All the nations should embrace to use such artwork in order to promote various religions more importantly than to earn money.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mayer, Ralph. The Artists Handbook of Materials and Techniques. New York: Viking, 1970. Print. Pucci, Idanna. Bhima Swarga: The Balinese Journey of the Soul. Boston: Little Brown, 1992. Print.

Romanticism and Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Romanticism and Realism - Essay Example It should be noted here that this was a time when religion had lost its hold over the common man with the advent of modernity. Religion and mythology were losing the charm and power they exercised over the common man. Also church was no longer the only powerful figure who commissioned artists to paint artworks on religious or mythological stories. Thus artists became inspired by the common man. In both the romantic and the realist era, common man gained a certain respect. Artists became fascinated with the life of the common man and focused on his life. The Romantic focused on the common man’s emotions while the realists focused on the commonness of man. Both the art movements were more inspired by the rural man rather than the urban one. This is because previously rural life had been ignored in the art circle and in the Romantic era, the subject came forward as an original subject or theme. This was then brought forward by the Realist movement where artists removed the exagge rated emotion from the common man and presented him as he was. In order to draw an effective comparison between the two movements, one artwork from both the movements would be analyzed. The artwork selected from the Romantic Era is The Raft of Medusa painted by Thà ©odore Gà ©ricault. The painting selected from the Realist Era is Stone Breakers by Gustav Courbet. The Raft of Medusa depicts the survivors of the French naval frigate Meduse. It depicts a horrendous scene about how the survivors endured the destruction and how they lived.

Assess the economic benefits of Globalisation to developing countries Essay

Assess the economic benefits of Globalisation to developing countries within recent years - Essay Example 3M (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing) would lose more than 53% of its revenues if the American government asks them to restrict their operations within the United States (Barrera, pp. 17, 2007). Exxon Mobil is an American firm but it receives only 25 percent of its yearly revenues from operations within the United States (Welfens, 102-103, 1999). Finnish employees no longer form the majority at Nokia’s head quarter, which is a Finland based company; surprisingly, employees from China and India dominate the numbers (Chatterji & Gangopadhyay, 89-93, 2005). Honda, a Japanese automobile maker, has its biggest production plant in Ohio. When Pakistani government decided to impose a 25% duty on the import of cell phones, Nokia (Finnish company), Sony Eriksson (Japanese cum Swedish company), Samsung and LG (South Korean Companies) came into action and found ways to persuade the Pakistani government not to do so (Scholte, pp. 22-25, 2000). These were just a few glimpses and examples that how globalisation has affected each one of us. However, today we do not realize or feel that with such intensity but most of the products that we consume today, are manufactured or processed in strange lands, millions of miles away, lands that we have never seen or heard of. The rest of this paper is an attempt to asses the effects and changes brought by globalisation considering the specially the economic grounds. Despite the fact that there several definitions of globalisation but in its broadest sense, â€Å"globalisation refers to the rapid growth of linkages and interconnections between nations and social communities† that make up the present world system (Barrera, pp. 17, 2007). It is important to note that in economic terms globalisation has many forms. Firstly, it involves and facilitates trade between individuals, companies, corporations and

Personal freedoms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal freedoms - Essay Example It would seem a perfect situation if there is no drug trade, no terrorism, secure borders and complete order in the country. However if this is done at the price of searching one’s belonging more thoroughly, or by performing body scan tests on the airport, then I would not tolerate this invasion of privacy even if this is done in an attempt to curb the terrorism. On the other hand there are many things which appear an invasion on one’s privacy but according to me I think we can sacrifice. For example, if the government keeps a record of my phone history or the books that I have checked out of library, then there is no issue because such information is trivial for me and if it helps in reducing violence and terrorism then I have no problem with this sort of surveillance. It is therefore important that the government tries to exterminate terrorism without taking from people much of their freedom. Abram, T. (2010, November 13). Personal Freedom and the American Government. Retrieved July 05, 2012, from Freedom Works:

Osteomyelitis Etiology Pathogenesis Differential Diagnosis And Treatment Biology Essay

Osteomyelitis Etiology Pathogenesis Differential Diagnosis And Treatment Biology Essay Osteomyelitis presents as an infection of the bone that is caused by different forms of bacteria. The infection of the cortical and medullary bone can often lead to distinct forms of necrosis, formation of new bone, and obliteration of the bone in its entirety. (3) It is a disease that can cause morbidity. Cases are usually based on a causative agent, the infections duration, the anatomy of the infected bone, and the path the organisms follow in order to gain passage into the bone. (4)With the increasing cases of osteomyelitis being linked to diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and the aging population, this disease is becoming more difficult to treat and cure. (1,2,3,4,5,6) Over the past few decades, osteomyelitis has changed its form. Evolving into a disease with many backgrounds, this disease takes heed amongst many polymicrobials. In the past, osteomyelitis cases involved a link to strains of Staphylococcus Aureus. Although Staphylococcus Aureus, also known as S. Aureus, a bacterium, is still the most common organism involved in this disease, a number of infections have been caused by gram negative organisms. These cases would find treatment in surgical debridement and therapy for 4 to 6 weeks of methicillin.(1) Some organisms include mycobacterium, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, which is found in drug addicts, and organisms that are active in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the elderly. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are pathogens whom also play a distinct role in the presentation of osteomyelitis. (1,4) Pathogenesis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Osteomyelitis is caused by microorganisms entering the bone by various mechanisms. These mechanisms include inoculation by distant substances, direct transmission from neighboring soft tissue infection, and hematogenous dissemination via bacteriemia. (3) Ischemia, trauma, and foreign substances can expose vulnerable sites to which bacteria penetrates defenses set by the host. Enzymes are released by a number of phagocytes that attempt to hold the infection. Bacteria can connect tightly to damaged bone. Through interaction with the damaged bone, bacteria withdraws from the host defenses and enters inside the osteoblasts. Furthermore, the infection can lead to sensitive neutrophils, congested blood vessels, and microorganisms which is the basis for acute osteomyelitis.(2) Acute osteomyelitis is an infection that may develop over a short span of time. In children, this osteomyelitis may present as fever, chills, and even pain. The feature that is known to disting uish chronic osteomyelitis is the depletion of living osteocytes also known as necrotic bone.(3) This can occur when osteomyelitis is not properly treated, thus the chronic type of infection may occur.(1) Moreover, two classification systems exist in the Waldvogel and Cierny-Mader Classification in regards to osteomyelitis.   Waldvogel classifies adult osteomyelitis by chronicity and its pathogenesis. These categories of osteomyelitis are labeled hematogenous osteomyelitis, osteomyelitis secondary to a contiguous focus of infection, and chronic osteomyelitis. Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis involves a single bone, usually the tibia or femur, and is where bacteria resides in the metaphysis of growing bones. Hematogenous infection in adults is uncommon for the long bones and thus involves the diaphysis. It accounts for 20% of cases of osteomyelitis and is the main cause for children.(3) The common site that affects the adults the most is the vertebrae where hematogenous ostemyeliti s thrives. Patients with this infection tend to have pain in the neck and back. Osteomyelitis secondary to a contiguous focus of infection occurs mostly in adults and accounts for about 80% of all cases.(3) This can occur through bites, wounds and open fractures. The main group of focus here are the individuals who have Peripheral Arterial Disease and Diabetes. This can result in numerous amputations for diabetics. The patient here does not have the proper knowledge to know that the infection is flourishing inside the bone. Trauma and sores can make the foot vulnerable to diabetic neuropathy. In regards to chronic osteomyelitis, about 5% of cases from acute hematogenous osteomyelitis leads to chronic osteomyelitis.(3) Chronic infection tends to have a more contiguous-focus origin than that of a hematogenous osteomyelitis due to the presence of foreign substances inhabiting the infection for a significant amount of time. Furthermore, Cierny- Mader classifies by condition of the patie nt by an anatomic stage and a physiological stage. (3,5) Differential Diagnosis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diagnosis of osteomyelitis may involve numerous procedures. These procedures should be a factor in patients with fever, inflammatory reactions, regional skeletal pain, and positive blood cultures. Blood tests are usually done in order to determine the amount of white blood cells present to battle with the infection. Blood is cultured to reveal the causative bacteria in the specimen. Moreover, an Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), blood cell count, and C-reactive protein test can help to indicate osteomyelitis. (2,3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scanning examinations such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI), x-rays, three phase bone scans , and other radionuclide studies, may help determine bone inflammation. Bone inflammation is witnessed through injection of radioactive elements into the blood stream. Biopsies can also be performed in order to determine various bacteria lurking in the area. (1,2)The differential diagnosis for osteomyelitis is neuroarthropathy of the foot. On radiographs, bone infections are equivalent to bone lesions. However, if there is no ulcer present, the diagnosis can be viewed as damage to the bone and thus, is a result of neuroarthropathy. (2,3) Treatment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two forms of treatment of osteomyelitis most commonly used are surgical therapy and antibiotic therapy. Surgical therapy is distinguished based on the infections extent. When dealing with acute osteomyelitis, the key component deals with debridement of the dead tissue. In regards to chronic osteomyelitis, there is a resection of foreign substances, and also debridement of soft tissue.(1,2,3,4) Skin and bone grafts may be used to potentiate the start of new bone growth by covering the wound. Furthermore, surgical approach may increase the chances for re-ulceration. This surgical approach is understood with help from biomechanics of foot function. (2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Antibiotic therapy is used to kill bacteria. There is oral and intravenous therapy used to target these causative organisms. Intravenous antimicrobial therapy is the treatment of choice for chronic osteomyelitis. In adults, four to six weeks of intravenous antibiotic treatment is needed along with sufficient bed rest. Usually, surgery may be needed to drain the pus accumulated and to clean the affected areas. (4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alternative treatments also exist in attempts to treat osteomyelitis. Some have recommended that increasing the use of particular vitamin supplements, garlic extracts, herbal remedies such as Echinacea, golden seal, and even ginseng may help to relieve certain pains associated with infections. Homeopathic remedies may be useful in counter acting inflammation. (7) Antibiotic-impregnated acrylic beads have also been used for bone infection treatment. The beads should be used along with certain antibiotics. This requires adequate surgical placement in the area specified. Non-biodegradeable beads may be removed surgically after 2-4 weeks. While biodegradeable beads do not require surgical removal and may help for an extended period of time. (3,7) Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Osteomyelitis requires excellent care of injuries and wounds. It may require surgical treatment and antibiotic therapy in order to reduce its effects. Osteomyelitis accounts for a great percentage of cases in adults. Typically, diagnosis of osteomyelitis presents with pain, fever, and other inflammatory signs due to bony infection. This disease has surfaced in Peripheral Arterial Disease and in the small bones of diabetics. Once a bone infection is confirmed by efficient procedures such as biopsy, treatment should follow accordingly. Following protocol consisting of debridement and appropriate IV antibiotics for 4 to 6 weeks helps in the general outreach of proper osteomyelitis management. (1,2,3,4,5,6)  

Ministers Black Veil - Poverty in Minister’s Black Veil and in Hawthor

Poverty in â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and in Hawthorne’s Life  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How many readers have considered that the utter simplicity within the Nathaniel Hawthorne short story, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† might be an expression or reflection of the utter poverty within the life of Hawthorne? It is the purpose of this essay to clarify this issue.    Hawthorne’s impoverishment probably began with the untimely death of his father, and continued until 1857. He had no money for a college education. Gloria C. Erlich in â€Å"The Divided Artist and His Uncles† states that â€Å"Robert Manning made the essential decisions in the lives of the Hawthorne children and is well known as the uncle who sent Hawthorne to college† (35). After graduation from Bowdoin College Hawthorne spent twelve years in his room at home in an intense effort to make something of himself literarily. The Norton Anthology: American Literature states:    Hawthorne’s years between 1825 and 1837 have fascinated his biographers and critics. Hawthorne himself took pains to propagate the notion that he had lived as a hermit who left his upstairs room only for nighttime walks and hardly communicated even with his mother and sisters (547).    Sculley Bradley, Richmond Croom Beatty and E. Hudson Long in â€Å"The Social Criticism of a Public Man† consider his poverty a determining influence in his life: â€Å"†¦a young man engrossed in historical study and in learning the writer’s craft is not notably queer if he does not seek society or marriage, especially if he is poor† (47-48). Fame was slow in coming for the author, likewise prosperity. Clarice Swisher in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography† explains in great detail the unfortunate financial uncertainty which ... ... Press, 1996.    Erlich, Gloria C. â€Å"The Divided Artist and His Uncles.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† 1835. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/amlit/goodman/goodmantext.html    James, Henry. Hawthorne. http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/nhhj1.html    Lewis, R. W. B. â€Å"The Return into Time: Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.      Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† The Norton Anthology: American Literature, edited by Baym et al.   New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1995.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.